The impact of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling might be prominent in lupus because (i) Syk is a shared downstream signaling molecule among circulating immune complex, LPS, and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), and (ii) all of these factors are detectable in the serum of Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcgRIIb-/-) mice with sepsis. Syk inhibition downregulated several inflammatory pathways in FcgRIIb-/- macrophages activated with BG + LPS suggesting the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Syk inhibitors in lupus.

1-Aminocyclobutane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid is an effective and specific N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist.

H3B-120 is a highly selective, competitive, and allosteric carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) inhibitor (IC50: 1.5 μM; Ki: 1.4 μM) with anti-cancer activity.